Lee, Bonnie
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- ItemThe Religious Significance of the Satir Model: Philosophical, Ritual and Empirical Perspectives [Abstract](2001-01) Lee, Bonnie K.The contribution of Virginia Satir (1916-1988) as a pioneer in the field of family therapy has been undervalued due to the lack of systematic writing about her theory and method. Over three decades, she relied predominantly on conducting workshops to transmit her ideas and to effect healing. Using a multi-methods research approach, this thesis exposes the religious root of the Satir Model from three perspectives: philosophical, ritual and empirical. The coherent ontology implicit in the Satir Model, and the similarity of Satir's concept of congruence to an understanding of salvation as integration with oneself, others and the "ground of being" are explicated, using Tillich's philosophical-theological categories as a framework. Victor Turner's anthropological mode1 of ritual process is used to bring out the liminality, symbolic enactment, oral discourse, deconstruction and reconstruction in Satir's workshops which functioned as vehicles of personal and social transformation. Finally, the theoretical perspectives are tested against quantitative empirical data collected on two scales developed for this purpose, the Congruence Scalee and the Satir Experience Scale. Intrapsychic-Interpersonal, Spiritual, Creative and Communal factors emerge as four dimensions in the Congruence Scale. Participants' subscores on these factors indicate systemic interrelationships of the four dimensions. Two factors, the experience of Spiritual Significance and Human Significance, emerge from the Satir Experience Scale as dimensions experienced by participants in Satir workshops. Exposure to the Satir Model is found to be related to an increase in congruence and increase in the experience of spiritual and human significance, providing initial indication of the eficacy of the Satir Model. Synthesis of the theoretical and empirical findings demonstrates that Satir's vision articulates a holistic ontological framework with an aim towards congruence that is facilitated through workshops functioning like rites-of-passage. A case is made for typing Satir as a "prophet" figure according to Max Weber's sociological definition of a leader who, working outside of mainstream institutions, introduces a new centre of revitalizing, rehumanizing values and practices to a society in distress. In its coherent worldview, ritual practice, and effectiveness in mobilizing a population toward congruence leading to personal, social, communal and spiritual reconnectedness, the Satir Model finds continuity with the transfomative impulse of the prophetic strain of religion, and yet is innovative in its contemporary cultural expression.
- ItemEvoking the Universal Human Family in Public Acts of Healing: Jesus of Nazareth and Virginia Satir(Saint Paul University - Faculty of Human Sciences, 2002) Lee, Bonnie K.This article explores the significance of healing staged as public performances by Jesus of Nazareth and Virginia Satir. Two social science models, social construction of reality and anthropology of ritual, highlight the contribution of collectivities in the deconstruction and construction of worldviews and the legitimization of a change in social status and identity. The author argues that through publicly witnessed and experientially enacted healing acts, Jesus and Satir proclaimed and performed a universal human family that transcends the power of institutional definitions of persons. Within an expanded frame of cosmic and spiritual reference, Jesus' and Satir's public healing acts liberated individuals defined by their societies as displaced and deviant to a new identity of worth and belonging as reclaimed and esteemed members of a universal family of humankind sharing a spiritual heritage. In reconnecting persons to their personal, spiritual, and social resources, Jesus and Satir functioned not only as charismatic healers of their time, but also as spiritual leaders and agents of social change.
- ItemDevelopment of a congruence scale based on the Satir model(Human Sciences Press, Inc., 2002-03) Lee, Bonnie K.The Congruence Scale derives from the construct of congruence, the goal of therapeutic change in the Satir model. Congruence is conceptualized as a state of awareness, openness, and connection in three human dimensions: the Intrapsychic, Interpersonal, and Universal-Spiritual. Procedures in developing the Congruence Scale are described. Results provide evidence of concurrent validity with the Satisfaction With Life Scale and the Outcome Questionnaire. Four factors of the Congruence Scale are extracted from factor analysis: Intrapsychic- Interpersonal, Spiritual, Creative, and Communal. Further research to confirm the reliability and validity of the congruent construct is recommended. KEY WORDS: Satir; congruence; scale development; intrapsychic; interpersonal; spiritual; creative; communal.
- ItemCongruence in Satir's model: Its spiritual and religious significance(Human Sciences Press, Inc., 2002-03) Lee, Bonnie K.This article casts into relief the essentialist-existential philosophy implicit in Satir’s model of healing using Paul Tillich’s systematic philosophical framework. Parallels between Satir’s model of the person are drawn with Tillich’s ontological categories of essence and existence, individualization and participation, and destiny and freedom. Congruence as the integration of elements in three vital human dimensions: the interpersonal, intrapsychic, and spiritual-universal, is correlated with Tillich’s philosophical understanding of “salvation.” The religious quest is understood as a systemic, multidimensional process that brings the interactive and interdependent personal, interpersonal and spiritual dimensions into a restored unity. Thus Satir’s rehumanization project and Tillich’s religious quest are shown to coincide. KEY WORDS: Satir; Tillich; congruence; essentialism; salvation; religious; spiritual.
- ItemWell-being by Choice not by Chance: An Integrative, System-based Couple Treatment Model for Problem Gambling [Final Report](Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, 2002-04-08) Lee, Bonnie K.This report presents the first qualitative and quantitative findings from the postdoctoral research project on the application of a humanistic, integrative, system-based Congruence Couples Therapy for problem gambling. Qualitative results reveal a history and pattern of disconnection in the intergenerational, intrapsychic and interpersonal functioning of the subjects. This pattern of disconnection severely limits access to intrapsychic and interpersonal resources for the gambler’s coping during times of life transition associated with significantly increased stress. Major life transitions and critical events combined with the increased accessibility of gambling opportunities were significant factors identified to contribute to the onset of gambling. Fantasies and cognitions that motivated gambling bore relationships with disconnected feelings, thoughts, beliefs, and expectations as well as unfulfilled yearnings in the gambling subjects. Couples reported significant improvement on measures of well-being and life satisfaction, couple relationship, and congruence at three points: immediately following treatment, and 1-month and 4-month post-treatment. Gambling subjects reported reduced frequency and intensity of gambling urges and maintained their abstinence four months after treatment. A systemic hypothesis for the etiology of problem gambling and its corollary in treatment proposed. Implications of these findings are discussed.
- ItemTraining counsellors in congruence couple therapy: A controlled evaluation study [Final Report](Prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, 2006-04-06) Lee, Bonnie K.; Rovers, Martin; MacLean, LynneCongruence Couple Therapy (CCT) is a new, humanistic, systemic model for problem gambling treatment. In the development of empirically supported treatments, counsellor training is a critical step. This study evaluates the effectiveness of CCT training in imparting key concepts, skills, and values of CCT to a sample of problem gambling counsellors (N = 21) from 13 Ontario problem gambling treatment programs. CCT training comprised of a 4-day residential workshop followed by 12 weeks of CCT application, with 1 to 2 clients per counsellor supported by teleconference consultation. Two cycles of training were conducted: Cycle 1 (N = 21) was a randomized controlled trial comparing counsellors with CCT training and a control group. Immediately after the completion of Cycle 1, the control group (n = 9) received identical CCT training in Cycle 2. A within-subjects design compared Cycle 2 counsellors at three points: at baseline, after a 15-week waiting period, and after 15 weeks of CCT Training. Five interrelated levels of CCT training were evaluated: 1) counsellor satisfaction; 2) counsellor outcomes; 3) organizational support and change; 4) counsellor application of CCT; and 5) client satisfaction and outcomes. Triangulated findings indicated that counsellors significantly increased their knowledge of CCT concepts, values, and skills from both training cycles. Areas of high satisfaction were the trainer-supported CCT application, intense residential workshop in retreat setting, safety and collegiality, experiential learning approach, and framing the training in a research context. Further training was desired by all participants to advance their competence in CCT. The timing of the CCT training seemed to coincide with an emerging trend in some Ontario organizations to adopt more couple-focused counselling for problem gamblers, and an interest in linking research and practice. The need for expanded supervision and support for adopting treatment innovations in organizations is a topic for discussion. Client outcomes with CCT counsellor trainees showed significantly reduced problem gambling symptoms, improved couple communication and relationship, increased selfawareness, and positive spin-offs in family and work relationships. Clients rated their CCT treatment and outcomes very highly. These client results support findings from an earlier CCT pilot study; however, with the absence of a control group, client results should be treated as promising but preliminary. Further studies on CCT and CCT training are recommended in light of the positive multilevel results to date. Key words: Congruence Couple Therapy, counsellor, training, evaluation, empirically supported treatment, problem gambling, outcomes, innovation
- ItemTransplanted Lives: Immigration Challenges and Pathological Gambling Among Four Canadian Chinese Immigrants(Tung Wah Group of Hospitals and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007) Lee, Bonnie K.; Fong, Mary; Solowoniuk, JasonThe contribution of immigration stress to the development of pathological gambling is complex to delineate. Four in-depth case studies of Chinese who emigrated from Hong Kong to Canada in the years 1968 to 1974 reveal a late onset of pathological gambling nearly 30 years after immigration. Immigration stresses in the form of language and cultural barriers, intensified work, lack of leisure and recreation, insecurity of employment, racial discrimination, and social isolation are described by the participants. Chronic stresses from immigration interact over time with dwindling psycho-social resources as a result of marital alienation and a thinning social support and extendedfamily network. Discordant marital relationships deprive these immigrants of comforting havens in a new land despite their financial and material success. In mid-adulthood (age 47-59) three decades after immigration, life crises, deaths, transitions, empty nest as well as job insecurity overtax these immigrants’ coping capacities. These major life challenges activate unresolved early psychological trauma resulting in overwhelming distress for these individuals. Ignorant of the risks, these immigrants found gambling to be an outlet for their dysphoria and for meeting psychological needs. This study is limited by the small sample size of a specific cohort of four Chinese immigrants in Canada. Findings therefore serve only as a hypothesis for future studies. In-depth family assessment in the treatment of pathological gamblers and the addressing of marital relationships in problem gambling prevention and treatment programs for immigrants are recommended.
- ItemNot Alone in the Field: Distance Collaboration via the Internet in a Focused Ethnography(International Institute for Qualitative Methodology at the University of Alberta, Canada, 2008) Lee, Bonnie K.; Gregory, David M.Ethnography as method remains orthodox in its application. It is largely replicated through the lone field ethnographer model. In challenging this fieldwork model, the authors describe distance collaboration via the Internet linking two researchers across space and time in the fieldwork process: one in the field, the other home based. Using a reflexive, retrospective analysis of e-mail correspondence generated during the fieldwork experience, they explicate key factors in their successful collaborative effort. In addition, interchanges conducive to “thickening” the ethnographic inquiry are highlighted. The collaborative process, facilitated through the Internet, lent psychological strength to the field researcher and added to research quality, timeliness, and trustworthiness in this focused ethnography. Cybertechnology invites exploration of new approaches and resultant challenges in conducting ethnographic fieldwork. Keywords: ethnography, fieldwork, process, distance collaboration, Internet, coconstruction, audience, gambling
- ItemTraining Problem Gambling Counsellors in Congruence Couple Therapy: Evaluation of Training Outcomes(Taylor & Francis, 2008) Lee, Bonnie K.; Rovers, Martin; MacLean, LynneCongruence Couple Therapy (CCT) is an integrative, humanistic, systemic model for problem gambling treatment. This study evaluates the efficacy of CCT training in imparting key concepts, skills and values of CCT to a sample of problem gambling counsellors (N = 21) from 13 Ontario problem gambling treatment programmes. CCT training comprised of a 4-day residential workshop followed by 12 weeks of CCT application to couples supported by teleconference consultation. Two cycles of training were conducted. The evaluations were driven by two controlled designs using quantitative measures complemented by qualitative data. Triangulated mixed methods findings indicate that counsellors increased significantly their knowledge of CCT concepts, values and skills from both training cycles. Trainee satisfaction was highly positive. Further studies on CCT and CCT training are recommended in light of these results.
- Item‘Bringing Torn Lives Together Again’: Effects of the First Congruence Couple Therapy Training Application to Clients in Pathological Gambling(Taylor & Francis, 2008-04) Lee, Bonnie K.; Rovers, MartinCounsellors (N=21) receiving their first training in Congruence Couple Therapy (CCT) applied CCT to 1–2 pathological gamblers (N=24) and their spouses conjointly at their Ontario treatment settings. Gamblers' and spouses' pre–post quantitative results indicated statistically significant reduction of gambling urges and behaviours and improvement in spousal relationship. However, contrary to hypothesis, spouses experienced a significant decrease in overall life satisfaction, specifically in the area of regrets, from pre-to post-treatment. Ratings of CCT by clients and counsellors indicated high satisfaction of CCT's effectiveness. Qualitative data based on client and counsellor sources substantiated quantitative findings and further revealed clinical changes in four key dimensions addressed by CCT: intrapsychic, interpersonal, intergenerational and universal–spiritual. Quantitative results are limited by absence of a control group and low sample size, but are compensated by a solid base of qualitative findings. Mixed methods yielded promising preliminary results of CCT's effectiveness in gambling behaviour and symptom reduction and in improved spousal relationship.
- ItemCongruence Couple Therapy for Pathological Gambling(Springer, 2009-01) Lee, Bonnie K.Couple therapy models for pathological gambling are limited. Congruence Couple Therapy is an integrative, humanistic, systems model that addresses intrapsychic, interpersonal, intergenerational, and universal–spiritual disconnections of pathological gamblers and their spouses to shift towards congruence. Specifically, CCT‘s theoretical foundations, main constructs, and treatment interventions are illustrated in a progression of six clinical phases. Promise of CCT‘s systemic conceptualization and interventions for pathological gambling and future directions in its continuing evolution are discussed. Keywords: Congruence Couple Therapy . Pathological gambling . Couple therapy . Humanistic . Experiential . Spiritual . Virginia Satir
- ItemConceptualizing and Treating Problem Gambling as a Family Issue [Abstract](Blackwell Publishing, 2009-10) McComb, Jennifer L.; Lee, Bonnie K.; Sprenkle, Douglas H.Few family therapists have training in the identification, assessment, and treatment of problem gambling and its impact on couple and family relationships. The authors conceptualize problem gambling (PG) as a family issue and encourage clinicians and researchers to pay attention to the systemic antecedents and consequences of PG on family relationships. A review of the literature and clinicians’ experiences regarding the impact of PG on couple and family relationships are presented and discussed. In light of the limited systemic- based treatments for PG, marriage and family therapists are urged to begin paying attention to this emerging issue that has significant couple and family ramifications.
- ItemPedagogy as influencing nursing students’ essentialized understanding of culture(International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 2010) Gregory, David M.; Harrowing, Jean N.; Lee, Bonnie K.; Doolittle, Lisa; O'Sullivan, Patrick S.In this qualitative study, we explored how students understood “culture.” Participants defined culture and wrote narratives regarding specific cultural encounters. The sample comprised both nursing (n=14) and non-nursing (n=8) students to allow for comparison groups. Content analysis of the narratives revealed two broad paradigms of cultural understanding: essentialist and constructivist. Essentialist narratives comprised four themes: determinism (culture defied individual resistance); relativism (the possibility of making value judgments disappeared); Othering (culture was equated to exotica, and emphasized difference); and reductionism (personhood was eclipsed by culture). In contrast, the constructivist narratives were characterized by influence (non-determinism); dynamism (culture was dynamic and evolutionary); and relationship-building. The unintended negative consequences of essentialist notions of culture were revealed in the nursing students’ narratives. Pedagogy is implicated in nursing students’ essentialized understanding of culture.
- ItemProblem Gambling: Taking Chances(American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, 2010-01) Lee, Bonnie K.This article, commissioned by the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, supplies clinicians with up-to-date information about problem gambling and its recent developments. It provides insight into problem gambling from a family systems perspective, and covers assessment and current treatment options.
- ItemGauging alignments : an ethnographyically informed method for process evaluation in a community-based intervention(Canadian Evaluation Society, 2011) Lee, Bonnie K.; Lockett, Donna; Edwards, NancyCommunity-based projects feature multidimensional interventions and interactions within unpredictable contexts. Process evaluations can shed light on variability in outcomes across sites and the reasons why some project outcomes fall short of expectations. The authors present an ethnographically informed study of the interactive project components in a pilot community-based falls prevention project that was implemented in 4 communities across Canada. Ethnographic descriptions and analyses of alignments between multilevelled project components allowed the researchers to better understand the mechanisms of project evolution at each site and variations in project momentum, mobilization, and sustainability across sites. Primary data sources consisted of project teleconference transcripts triangulated with log notes, field notes, and interviews. Descriptions and analyses of alignments may be instrumental to process evaluation. Project adjustments could then be made accordingly in propelling progress toward program objectives, informing program decisions, and in making sense of variability in program outcomes. Further exploration and operationalization of the alignment concept is recommended to advance knowledge about how to conduct process evaluations of complex interventions.
- ItemArt therapy for chronic pain: applications and future directions(Graduate Programs in Educational Psychology, University of Calgary, 2011) Angheluta, Anne-Marie; Lee, Bonnie K.Chronic pain is acknowledged as a phenomenological experience resulting from biological, psychological, and social interactions. Consequently, treatment for this complex and debilitating health phenomenon is often approached from multidisciplinary and biopsychosocial perspectives. One approach to treating chronic pain involves implementing mind-body treatments such as art therapy. Art therapy for chronic pain is a nascent area of study, and this literature review endeavours to (a) evaluate the quality of literature investigating this area, (b) discuss how art therapy and other creative arts therapies treated the biopsychosocial dimensions of chronic pain, and (c) identify challenges and future directions for research on this topic.
- ItemAge of addiction(Lethbridge Herald, 2011) Lee, Bonnie K.The Public Professor is written by faculty at the University of Lethbridge. It runs Saturdays.
- ItemA new relational perspective to healing from addictions(Lethbridge Herald, 2011-03-05) Lee, Bonnie K.The Public Professor is written by faculty at the University of Lethbridge. It runs Saturdays.
- ItemValue of a health behavior change reflection assignment for health promotion learning(Network: Towards Unity for Health, 2011-08) Lee, Bonnie K.; Yanicki, Sharon M.; Solowoniuk, JasonThis article reports on the value of a reflection assignment in an undergraduate health promotion course for Addictions Counseling students at the University of Lethbridge, a mid-sized university in Western Canada. The Addictions Counseling Program (ACP) was developed in the mid-1990s as a response to the widening crisis of addiction globally6. Currently, this program is the only Bachelor’s Degree program in Canada that prepares addictions counselors for front-line work in the areas of prevention, assessment and treatment of substance dependency, problem gambling, sex addiction and other addictive behaviors.
- ItemTowards a relational framework for pathological gambling (Part I): Five circuits(Blackwell Publishing, 2012) Lee, Bonnie K.Relationship patterns before and after pathological gambling were investigated qualitatively using eight in-depth clinical case studies in which one partner met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV pathological gambling criteria. Five circuits of couple interactions are described: (i) fault-lines; (ii) pressure points; (iii) escalation; (iv) relapse and (v) congruence. The exploration of these circuits is developed in two complementary articles. This first article delineates the first four circuits as recursive self-perpetuating cycles of couple distress in systemic interaction with pathological gambling development and relapse. The second article delineates how a couple can be helped to extricate themselves from these recursive circuits through ‘congruence’. Implications of this relational formulation of pathological gambling for conceptualization, assessment and treatment are discussed.