Young, Julie

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    Gaining institutional permission: researching precarious legal status in Canada
    (Springer, 2009) Bernhard, Judith K.; Young, Julie E. E.
    There is limited research into the situations of people living with precarious status in Canada, which includes people whose legal status is in-process, undocumented, or unauthorized, many of whom entered the country with a temporary resident visa, through family sponsorship arrangements, or as refugee claimants. In 2005, a community-university alliance sought to carry out a research study of the lived experiences of people living with precarious status. In this paper, we describe our negotiation of the ethics review process at a Canadian university and the ethical, legal, and methodological issues that emerged. Although being able to guarantee our participants complete confidentiality was essential to the viability of the project due to their vulnerability to detention or deportation, we discovered that the Canadian legal framework limited us to being able to offer them confidentiality “to the fullest extent possible by law.” One way to overcome this conflict would have been through the construction of a Wigmore defence, in which we would document that the research would not be possible without assurance of our participants’ confidentiality. Such a defence would be tested in court if our research records were subpoenaed by immigration enforcement authorities. Rather than take the risk that this defence would not be successful and would result in our participants being deported, we altered the research methods from using multiple interviews to establish trust (which would have required that we store participants’ contact information) to meeting participants only once to discuss their experiences of living with precarious legal status in Canada. Our encounter with the ‘myth of confidentiality’ raised questions about the policing of knowledge production.
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    'A new politics of the city': locating the limits of hospitality and practicing the city-as-refuge
    (ACME Editorical Eollective University of British Columbia, 2011) Young, Julie
    Refuge is an ongoing, everyday process of contestation that takes and makes place in and through the city, its spaces and relations. The potential of a particular city as a space of refuge is not guaranteed; refuge must be constantly (re)claimed through spatial practices and tactics. The city holds promise as an emancipatory space not through invocations of hospitality but rather because it is struggled over by its various inhabitants; thinking about cities as spaces of ‘dissensus’ highlights how refuge is produced and denied in everyday and extraordinary ways. In looking to the potential of the city as a space of refuge, I take my cue from Derrida (2001) who argues the city should be able to serve as a refuge in ways the nation-state cannot and calls for the invention of ‘new cities of refuge.’ Drawing from empirical work to ground the theoretical framing, I argue that the ways in which school space is practiced by youth living with precarious legal status in Toronto, Canada, reveals how bureaucratic exercises and lived experiences of refuge are in tension and points to potential reframings of membership away from the nation-state.
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    Negotiations of engaged scholarship and equity through a global network of refugee scholars
    (CCSP Press, 2014) Hynie, Michaela; McGrath, Susan; Young, Julie; Banerjee, Paula
    Research partnerships are the foundation of successful engaged scholarship, which typically united partners across disciplines, institutions, sectors, and countries. While rewarding and generative, these partnerships can also be challenging due to differences in expectations, power and culture, and difficulties in trust and communication. This article reports on interviews with members of an international refugee research network about participating in global partnerships. Responses are interpreted in light of community-university partnerships and South-North partnerships and suggest that both face many similar challenges arising out of structures and norms that privilege Northern, theory-based scholarship, institutions, and outcomes. Moreover, global partnerships can benefit from strategies developed in the area of community-university partnerships to facilitate trust, communication, and shared ownership of international research projects.
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    A political ecology of home: attachment to nature and political subjectivity
    (Sage, 2015) Wood, Patricia B.; Young, Julie E. E.
    At the Joint Review Panel (JRP) for Enbridge’s proposed Northern Gateway pipeline across northern British Columbia, many participants presenting oral statements situated themselves as decidedly ‘ordinary’ people, with rich connections to the land and landscape. Without speaking of ownership, they nevertheless made claims to the area as their home through highly detailed articulations of knowledge and experience of its natural features. For some, it was also connected to a collective, indigenous territorial claim. In all cases, we argue that it is an articulation of ‘home,’ and that this formed the basis for the political subjectivity that led to their participation in the JRP hearings. Linking the scholarly literature on home with that of political ecology, in this paper we explore the significance of the assertion of experience and knowledge of the physical environment as the basis to claim it as ‘home’ and to assert a political right to defend it from perceived intrusion.
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    The Mexico-Canada border: extraterritorial border control and the production of "economic refugees"
    (Inderscience, 2018) Young, Julie E. E.
    By examining the Mexico-Canada border, I argue that the interplay between discourses of the 'bogus economic refugee' and Canada's extraterritorial bordering practices is crucial to understanding human security in North America. The concept of the Mexico-Canada border is shorthand for how Canadian policies and practices aim to police Mexico's borders. For example, Canada implemented a visa requirement in 2009 in response to a 'surge' in refugee claims by Mexican nationals. The term also signals how Mexico has been constructed as the focus of regional migration management, including through Canada's Anti-Crime Capacity Building Program to support policing and border security efforts within Mexico. Both initiatives contribute to a broader Canadian strategy of Mexican refugee deterrence.
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    Borders for profit: transnational social exclusion and the production of the NAFTA border
    (Inderscience, 2019) Gingrich, Luann G.; Young, Julie E. E.
    The focus of this paper is the production of the 'North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)' border that defines a trans/national social field and directs the day-to-day lives of migrant women who organise their livelihoods around the Mexico-Guatemala border. We document and investigate emerging transnational spaces and practices of social exclusion and symbolic violence (Bourdieu) that boost domestic economic interests, externalise social responsibility, privatise social risk, and reinforce national boundaries. We argue that policies and practices in this transnational social field are directed by market logic and that, accordingly, trade agreements and migration management regimes organise place and space to make the most of global inequalities through the simultaneous facilitation and restriction of mobility. Crucially, the coordinated ambivalent control of borders in this transnational marketised social field produces an entrepreneurial context that makes possible a range of profits through the selective symbolic dispossession of nation-states, nationalities, and migrant bodies: economic, political, and social.
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    Seeing like a border city: refugee politics at the borders of city and nation-state
    (Sage, 2019) Young, Julie E. E.
    Local advocacy practices in Detroit–Windsor in response to the refugee “crisis” that unfolded around the Canada–US border in early 1987 revealed a different way of working with the border in the city. They were “seeing like a border city”: working as though Detroit–Windsor were one place, even as they made use of the ways in which it remained two distinct places with different political and legal contexts. Advocates mobilized resources and expertise on both sides of the border, drawing on the sense of community offered by the city, and made use of the distinct policy frameworks, securing legal status for refugees who had been consigned to legal limbo through the policies of both states. This approach troubled the state’s logic of border control even as it refortified the boundaries of exclusion underlying it. Their work highlights the possibilities and limitations of advocacy work around an international boundary line.
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    Introduction: dis/placing the borders of North America
    (Inderscience, 2019) Young, Julie E. E.; Reynolds, Johanna; Nyers, Peter
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    #StayHomeSaveLives: essentializing entry and Canada's biopolitical COVID borders
    (Taylor & Francis, 2022) Chaulagain, Rabindra; Nasser, Wael M.; Young, Julie E. E.
    The COVID-19 pandemic ushered in a systematic closure of national borders at a global scale, and a subsequent but selective reopening under the guise of “essential” entry and labor. We examine the Government of Canada’s Twitter messaging around border closures and exceptions, using narrative and textual analysis to interrogate how the government has constructed essential and non-essential entry and work in support of national needs including critical infrastructure that sustains the Canadian economy and population. The Canadian government deployed the essentialization process as a biopolitical mechanism to access the labor pool that already existed within Canada and that was readily available beyond the border. Rather than complete closure, the Canadian border had to be “elastic” allowing the entry and making use of the labor of international students, temporary foreign workers, and people with precarious status to sustain national life. We argue that studying the digital spaces of migration management will remain key in any post-pandemic world.
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    The border as archive: reframing the crisis mode of governance at the Canada-US border
    (Taylor & Francis, 2022) Young, Julie E. E.
    Starting in January 2017 there was a dramatic increase in the number of people crossing irregularly from the US to make a claim for refugee status in Canada. Officials declared a crisis and admonished those who, in the words of one official, were crossing ‘in between the border.’ It is important to pay close attention to these spaces in-between borders: those (un)intended and strategic openings left by the working out of nation-state policies (like the Canada-US Safe Third Country Agreement) and those paths that are opened through the transgressions of those borders by people on the move. Crisis is the necessary corollary of the ‘politics of anticipatory governance’ that scaffolds contemporary nation-statist border control policies and practices. Approaching the border as an archive means confronting the work that is done by such temporal and spatial manipulations, while placing contested border crossings at the centre of border formation. By examining a series of intersecting moments from the recent history of this border (1987–present), I seek to both ‘inhabit’ the crisis and understand what might remain once the crisis is declared over. I argue that migration management regimes produce the border crises they anticipate while simultaneously masking and revealing contested histories and geographies of migration.
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    Counter-archive as methodology: activating oral histories of the contested Canada-US border
    (2023) Reynolds, Johanna; Wu, Grace; Young, Julie
    Remembering Refuge: Between Sanctuary and Solidarity is a counter-archive based on oral history interviews with people who crossed the Canada-US border to seek refuge and advocacy groups working at this border in two moments of crisis: the 1980s Central American crisis and the 2017-19 crisis at Roxham Road. This paper foregrounds counter-archiving as a methodology, building from the oral histories to illustrate how borders and bordering practices are navigated and contested and how these lived experiences push back at state-directed logics and narratives of migration. By drawing connections across past and present struggles over mobilities and borders, we offer a critical genealogy of refuge around the Canada-US border. The oral histories collectively and individually contest state-led narratives of migration as a ‘crisis,’ the need for borders to be further securitized, and specifically of the Canadian state’s generous humanitarianism towards a select few. We introduce the methodological choices, contexts, and limitations of the project’s research design, and present two themes that emerged from the oral histories: the contested element of ‘choice’ in migration movements and the important roles played by resistance and refusal in the working out of borders. Finally, we emphasize that relationships between borders are crucial to understanding the histories of asylum around this border, and the political shift activated by the counter-archive of centering borders as lived, experienced, contested or refused.