2026-09-19T16:26:06.878155700Zhttps://opus.uleth.ca/server/oai/request
oai:opus.uleth.ca:10133/58732021-05-07T06:05:18Zcom_10133_3346com_10133_1com_10133_296col_10133_3347col_10133_298
ULethbridge OPUS Repository supervisor Rockerbie, Duane author Bonsu, Ophelia author University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Arts and Science 2021-05-06T17:37:05Z 2021-05-06T17:37:05Z 2021 https://hdl.handle.net/10133/5873 Globally, most countries drew closer to the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goal 2 (i.e., achieve universal primary education by 2015). The approach most Sub-Saharan African countries used was to abolish tuitions at the primary school level. Various literature has shown a significant negative correlation between schooling and child labour. Therefore, this study sought to find out if the tuition-free basic education policy in Ghana served to promote schooling and discourage child labour. GLSS 3 and GLSS 4 are the datasets used. The bivariate probit model, the likelihood ratio test and the difference-in-difference estimation method are the techniques used. After the tuition-free policy, the probability that the child would only go to school decreased, the probability that they would only work increased, but the probability that they would do both increased. Hence, some children work and do not go to school in Ghana for reasons unrelated to tuition-cost. en_US Dissertations, Academic Child labor -- Ghana Education -- Costs Education -- Ghana Education, Elementary -- Ghana -- Costs Education, Primary -- Ghana -- Costs Tuition -- Ghana The impact of tuition-free policies on schooling and child labour incidence in Ghana Thesis 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 URL http://localhost:4000/bitstreams/58404c27-8435-428f-ab0a-72bc73bcd4a9/download File MD5 ac0502f8701b65021687fc5ae23734f0 886098 application/pdf BONSU_OPHELIA_MA_2021.pdf URL http://localhost:4000/bitstreams/37fe5938-230c-423d-b375-08a02b04b90c/download File MD5 0b111f13960dd7bc292f52cf8989c2d1 149623 text/plain BONSU_OPHELIA_MA_2021.pdf.txt