<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="static/style.xsl"?><OAI-PMH xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/OAI-PMH.xsd"><responseDate>2026-09-19T11:28:40.272762300Z</responseDate><request verb="GetRecord" identifier="oai:opus.uleth.ca:10133/3859" metadataPrefix="mets">https://opus.uleth.ca/server/oai/request</request><GetRecord><record><header><identifier>oai:opus.uleth.ca:10133/3859</identifier><datestamp>2016-12-09T22:30:30Z</datestamp><setSpec>com_10133_3346</setSpec><setSpec>com_10133_1</setSpec><setSpec>com_10133_296</setSpec><setSpec>col_10133_3351</setSpec><setSpec>col_10133_298</setSpec></header><metadata><mets xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/METS/" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:doc="http://www.lyncode.com/xoai" ID="&#xa;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;DSpace_ITEM_10133-3859" TYPE="DSpace ITEM" PROFILE="DSpace METS SIP Profile 1.0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/METS/ http://www.loc.gov/standards/mets/mets.xsd" OBJID="&#xa;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;&#x9;hdl:10133/3859">
   <metsHdr CREATEDATE="2026-09-19T11:28:40Z">
      <agent ROLE="CUSTODIAN" TYPE="ORGANIZATION">
         <name>ULethbridge OPUS Repository</name>
      </agent>
   </metsHdr>
   <dmdSec ID="DMD_10133_3859">
      <mdWrap MDTYPE="MODS">
         <xmlData xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-1.xsd">
            <mods:mods xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3 http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/v3/mods-3-1.xsd">
               <mods:name>
                  <mods:role>
                     <mods:roleTerm type="text">supervisor</mods:roleTerm>
                  </mods:role>
                  <mods:namePart>Yalamova, Rossitsa</mods:namePart>
               </mods:name>
               <mods:name>
                  <mods:role>
                     <mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
                  </mods:role>
                  <mods:namePart>Ren, Jiajia</mods:namePart>
               </mods:name>
               <mods:name>
                  <mods:role>
                     <mods:roleTerm type="text">author</mods:roleTerm>
                  </mods:role>
                  <mods:namePart>University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Management</mods:namePart>
               </mods:name>
               <mods:extension>
                  <mods:dateAccessioned encoding="iso8601">2016-01-07T20:56:05Z</mods:dateAccessioned>
               </mods:extension>
               <mods:extension>
                  <mods:dateAvailable encoding="iso8601">2016-01-07T20:56:05Z</mods:dateAvailable>
               </mods:extension>
               <mods:originInfo>
                  <mods:dateIssued encoding="iso8601">2015</mods:dateIssued>
               </mods:originInfo>
               <mods:identifier type="uri">https://hdl.handle.net/10133/3859</mods:identifier>
               <mods:abstract>Historically, stock market crashes have caused trillions of dollars in losses and have dramatically destroyed investors’ confidence in the stock market. Independent empirical studies have converged to prove the synchronization phenomenon as the trigger of stock market crashes (Tse, Liu, &amp; Lau, 2010). As well, the Phase Transition Model explains the building-up mechanism and the critical point existing in stock market crash (Yalamova &amp; McKelvey, 2011). In this study, we propose to add more empirical evidence to the current studies and provide an indicator to possibly predict the stock market crashes. We apply the Potential-based Hierarchical Agglomerative (PHA) Method, the Backbone Extraction Method, and the Dot Matrix Plot to extract and display the changing clusters’ structure dynamics from the market equilibrium state to a bubble building-up state by applying the Standard &amp; Poor 500 (S&amp;P 500) index constituents’ daily price correlation matrix.</mods:abstract>
               <mods:language>
                  <mods:languageTerm authority="rfc3066">en_CA</mods:languageTerm>
               </mods:language>
               <mods:accessCondition type="useAndReproduction"/>
               <mods:subject>
                  <mods:topic>network methods</mods:topic>
               </mods:subject>
               <mods:subject>
                  <mods:topic>network theory</mods:topic>
               </mods:subject>
               <mods:subject>
                  <mods:topic>stock market crashes</mods:topic>
               </mods:subject>
               <mods:subject>
                  <mods:topic>synchronization phenomenon</mods:topic>
               </mods:subject>
               <mods:subject>
                  <mods:topic>triggers</mods:topic>
               </mods:subject>
               <mods:titleInfo>
                  <mods:title>Stock price dynamics before crashes : a complex network study on the U.S. stock market</mods:title>
               </mods:titleInfo>
               <mods:genre>Thesis</mods:genre>
            </mods:mods>
         </xmlData>
      </mdWrap>
   </dmdSec>
   <amdSec ID="TMD_10133_3859">
      <rightsMD ID="RIG_10133_3859">
         <mdWrap MIMETYPE="text/plain" MDTYPE="OTHER" OTHERMDTYPE="DSpaceDepositLicense">
            <binData>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</binData>
         </mdWrap>
      </rightsMD>
   </amdSec>
   <amdSec ID="FO_10133_3859_1">
      <techMD ID="TECH_O_10133_3859_1">
         <mdWrap MDTYPE="PREMIS">
            <xmlData xmlns:premis="http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/PREMIS-v1-0.xsd">
               <premis:premis>
                  <premis:object>
                     <premis:objectIdentifier>
                        <premis:objectIdentifierType>URL</premis:objectIdentifierType>
                        <premis:objectIdentifierValue>http://localhost:4000/bitstreams/b3aeb5d7-bf91-42c9-8390-6c83b696fb28/download</premis:objectIdentifierValue>
                     </premis:objectIdentifier>
                     <premis:objectCategory>File</premis:objectCategory>
                     <premis:objectCharacteristics>
                        <premis:fixity>
                           <premis:messageDigestAlgorithm>MD5</premis:messageDigestAlgorithm>
                           <premis:messageDigest>49a86cca67c5aa02bfc0d4933edf5679</premis:messageDigest>
                        </premis:fixity>
                        <premis:size>1096879</premis:size>
                        <premis:format>
                           <premis:formatDesignation>
                              <premis:formatName>application/pdf</premis:formatName>
                           </premis:formatDesignation>
                        </premis:format>
                     </premis:objectCharacteristics>
                     <premis:originalName>REN_JIAJIA_MSC_2015.pdf</premis:originalName>
                  </premis:object>
               </premis:premis>
            </xmlData>
         </mdWrap>
      </techMD>
   </amdSec>
   <amdSec ID="FT_10133_3859_3">
      <techMD ID="TECH_T_10133_3859_3">
         <mdWrap MDTYPE="PREMIS">
            <xmlData xmlns:premis="http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis http://www.loc.gov/standards/premis/PREMIS-v1-0.xsd">
               <premis:premis>
                  <premis:object>
                     <premis:objectIdentifier>
                        <premis:objectIdentifierType>URL</premis:objectIdentifierType>
                        <premis:objectIdentifierValue>http://localhost:4000/bitstreams/3232b1ef-7f6d-4df3-8969-fad1ad7751e0/download</premis:objectIdentifierValue>
                     </premis:objectIdentifier>
                     <premis:objectCategory>File</premis:objectCategory>
                     <premis:objectCharacteristics>
                        <premis:fixity>
                           <premis:messageDigestAlgorithm>MD5</premis:messageDigestAlgorithm>
                           <premis:messageDigest>92072dbadf20d96ec2a8b1a7cfb32405</premis:messageDigest>
                        </premis:fixity>
                        <premis:size>111668</premis:size>
                        <premis:format>
                           <premis:formatDesignation>
                              <premis:formatName>text/plain</premis:formatName>
                           </premis:formatDesignation>
                        </premis:format>
                     </premis:objectCharacteristics>
                     <premis:originalName>REN_JIAJIA_MSC_2015.pdf.txt</premis:originalName>
                  </premis:object>
               </premis:premis>
            </xmlData>
         </mdWrap>
      </techMD>
   </amdSec>
   <fileSec>
      <fileGrp USE="ORIGINAL">
         <file ID="BITSTREAM_ORIGINAL_10133_3859_1" MIMETYPE="application/pdf" SEQ="1" SIZE="1096879" CHECKSUM="49a86cca67c5aa02bfc0d4933edf5679" CHECKSUMTYPE="MD5" ADMID="FO_10133_3859_1" GROUPID="GROUP_BITSTREAM_10133_3859_1">
            <FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://localhost:4000/bitstreams/b3aeb5d7-bf91-42c9-8390-6c83b696fb28/download"/>
         </file>
      </fileGrp>
      <fileGrp USE="TEXT">
         <file ID="BITSTREAM_TEXT_10133_3859_3" MIMETYPE="text/plain" SEQ="3" SIZE="111668" CHECKSUM="92072dbadf20d96ec2a8b1a7cfb32405" CHECKSUMTYPE="MD5" ADMID="FT_10133_3859_3" GROUPID="GROUP_BITSTREAM_10133_3859_3">
            <FLocat LOCTYPE="URL" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://localhost:4000/bitstreams/3232b1ef-7f6d-4df3-8969-fad1ad7751e0/download"/>
         </file>
      </fileGrp>
   </fileSec>
   <structMap LABEL="DSpace Object" TYPE="LOGICAL">
      <div TYPE="DSpace Object Contents" ADMID="DMD_10133_3859">
         <div TYPE="DSpace BITSTREAM">
            <fptr FILEID="BITSTREAM_ORIGINAL_10133_3859_1"/>
         </div>
      </div>
   </structMap>
</mets></metadata></record></GetRecord></OAI-PMH>